The active object becomes the passive subject.

am/is/are + past participle

was/were + past participle

The movie fascinates me.

The movie bores Jack.

The movie surprises them.

I am fascinated by the movie.

Jack is bored by the movie.

They are surprised by the movie.

The movie bored me.

The movie fascinated Jack.

The movie surprised them.

I was bored by the movie.

Jack was fascinated by the movie.

They were surprisedby the movie.

Passive form:

am/is/are + being + past participle

was/were + being + past participle

I am helping Shannon.

June is helping Su and Ling.

Shannon is being helped by me.

Su and Ling are being helped by June.

I was cleaning the bathroom.

They were cleaning the bedroom.

Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.

The bathroom was being cleaned by me.

The bedroom was being cleaned by them.

The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.

Passive form:

have/has been + past participle

had been + past participle

I have mailed the gift.

Jack has mailed the gifts.

The gift has been mailed by me.

The gifts have been mailed by Jack.

Steven Spielberg had directed the movie.

Penny Marshall had directed those movies.

The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg.

The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.

John will have finished the project next month.

They will have finished the projects before then.

The project will have been finished by next month.

The projects will have been finished

before then.

Passive forms: will + be + past participle

is/are going to be + past participle

I will mail the gift.

Jack will mail the gifts.

The gift will be mailed by me.

The gifts will be mailed by Jack.

I am going to make the cake.

Sue is going to make two cakes.

The cake is going to be made by me.

Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

The passive form follows this pattern:

modal + be + past participle

Sharon will invite Tom to the party.

Sharon won’t invite Jeff to the party.

(Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)

Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon.

Jeff won’t be invited to the party by Sharon.

(Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)

Mai can foretell the future.

Terry can’t foretell the future.

(Terry can not foretell the future.)

The future can be foretold by Mai.

The future can’t be foretold by Terry.

(The future can not be foretold by Terry.)

Her company may give Katya a new office.

The lazy students may not do the homework.

MIGHT / MIGHT NOT

Her company might give Katya a new office.

The lazy students might not do the homework.

Katya may be given a new office by her company.

The homework may not be done by the lazy students.

MIGHT / MIGHT NOT

Katya might be given a new office by her company.

The homework might not be done by the lazy students.

Students should memorize English verbs.

Children shouldn’t smoke cigarettes.

English verbs should be memorized by students.

Cigarettes shouldn’t be smoked by children.

Students ought to learn English verbs.

(negative ought to is rarely used)

English verbs ought to be memorized by students.

Students had better practice English every day.

Children had better not drink whiskey.

English had better be practiced every day by students.

Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.

Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad.

Customers must not use that door.

A passport to travel abroad must be applied for.

That door must not be used by customers.

She has to practice English every day.

Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day.

DOESN’T HAVE TO/ DON’T HAVE TO

Maria doesn’t have to clean her bedroom every day.

The children don’t have to clean their bedrooms every day.

English has to be practiced every day.

The dishes have to be washed by them every day.

DOESN’T HAVE TO/ DON’T HAVE TO

Her bedroom doesn’t have to be cleaned

every day.Their bedrooms don’t have to be cleaned

every day.

I am supposed to type the composition.

I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book.

Janet is supposed to clean the living room.

She isn’t supposed to eat candy and gum.

They are supposed to make dinner for the family.

They aren’t supposed to make dessert.

The composition is supposed to be typed

by me.The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied.

The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet.

Candy and gum aren’t supposed to be eaten by her.

Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them.

Dessert isn’t supposed to be made by them.

The past passive form follows this pattern:

modal + have been + past participle

The students should have learned the verbs.

The children shouldn’t have broken the window.

The verbs should have been learned by the students.

The window shouldn’t have been broken by the children.

Students ought to have learned the verbs.

(negative ought to is rarely used)

The verbs ought to have been learned

by the students.

I was supposed to type the composition.

I wasn’t supposed to copy the story in the book.

Janet was supposed to clean the living room.

She wasn’t supposed to eat candy and gum.

Frank and Jane were supposed to make

dinner.They weren’t supposed to make dessert.

The composition was supposed to be typed by me.

The story in the book wasn’t supposed to be copied.

The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet.

Candy and gum weren’t supposed to be eaten by her.

Dinner was supposed to be made by them.

Dessert wasn’t supposed to be made by them.

That firm may have offered Katya a new job.

The students may not have written the paper.

MIGHT / MIGHT NOT

That firm might have offered Katya a new job.

The students might not have written

the paper.

Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm.

The paper may not have been written

by the students.MIGHT / MIGHT NOT

Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm.

The paper might not have been written

by the students.