La Belle Dame Sans Merci
Introduction: โLa Belle Dame Sans Merciโ was written in April 1819. Keats took the title La Velle Dame Sans Merci from โan early fifteenth-century French poem by Alain Chartier. The phrase belongs to the terminology of the courtly love and describes a beautiful lady without mercy, that is the sort of gracious kindness which prompts a woman to accept a loverโs pleaโ. (Brian Stone: The Poetry of Keats). The title must have fascinated Keats, for in the โEve of St. Agnesโ that he had just completed, it is the title of the song played on the lute, by the lover to his sleeping lady.
โLa Belleโ is a ballad. There are two kinds of balladsโtraditional and literary. The traditional or true ballad has its roots in the Middle Ages and the literary ballad was the revival of the ballad form in the nineteenth century. Ballads were written in the stanzas of four lines i.e. quatrains (metrical patterns of 4, 3, 4, 3) with 2nd and 4th lines usually rhyming.
The ballad was a dramatic verse tale which moved rapidly. The ballad used little description, it narrated very few incidents and the details of the story were presented in a straight forward manner. The themes of the old ballads were usually love and war, an exciting adventure, a loss, a family disaster, usually they contained supernatural elements.
Ballads gradually died out. But in the later half of the eighteenth century, there was a revival of interest in the ballad form. Consequently, collections of old ballads were brought out. Some poets in the late eighteen and early nineteenth century were inspired by the form and wrote ballads.
Coleridgeโs โThe Rime of the Ancient Marinerโ and Keatsโs โLa Belle Dame Sans Merciโ are masterful literary ballads. Keats in his ballad has changed the quatrain, making the fourth line shorterโthis slows the movement of the poem.
Many legends concerning โwomenโ were current during the dim and shadowy Middle Ages. The beauty of the Fatal woman or Femme Fatale was a curse to mankind. These women were often presented as enchantresses, witches, sirens, mermaids, or serpent women (example, Coleridgeโs โChristableโ and Keatsโs Lamia) who lured men by their strange (`wildโ) beauty to their ruin or death.
The lady of Keatsโs ballad โLa Belle Dame Sans Merciโ is a fatal woman of the medieval romance. The title itself suggests that she is a beautiful lady without any pity who ruins the life of a knight.
Summary of La Belle Dame Sans Merci
La Belle Dame Sans Merci is a wonderful romantic ballad which some have considered one of the best of Keatsโ poems. It was composed probably in the spring or summer of 1819.
The title of the poem means ‘The Beautiful Lady without Pity’. The title is taken from a poem of Alain Chartier, a French poet of the 15th Century of the Court of Charles VI. Keats is indebted to Alain Chartier only for the title which had a kind of fascination for him. In the Eve of St. Agnes, the title is mentioned in the following lines:
“He played an ancient ditty, long since mute,
In Provence called, “La belle dame sans merci:”
Chartierโs poem narrates โa prolix conversationโ between on obdurate lady and her lover. At the end, the lady goes away indifferent to dance and play while the lover is desperate to tear his hair and die.
Among books which Keats read with devotion and which influenced his poetry considerably should be mentioned Burtonโs Anatomy of Melancholy. The Knight-at-arms of Keatsโ La Belle is the same one who is Burton:
โwandered in the woods sad all alone,
Forsaking menโs society, making great moan.โ
These lines can be compared with the opening lines of Keatโs La Belle Dame Sans Merci.
โO what can ail thee, Knight-at-arms,
Alone and palely loitering?โ
The central idea of the poem is unrequited love, and the pain and suffering of one who loves but is not loved in return. It is said that in writing this ballad, Keats was perhaps expressing his own feelings; for he also loved but his love was not returned.
The poem starts with a question: What can trouble the Knight at arms and make his look pale and sick? To describe the Knightโs condition, epithets like โAloneโ, โpalely loiteringโ โhaggardโ and so โwoe-begoneโ are used. His brow is compared with white lily and his pale cheeks with โa fading roseโ.
In the following stanzas, the knight-at-arms narrates his sad story how he was enchanted by a very beautiful lady in the meadows who appeared to be as beautiful as a fairy and whose wild eyes seemed to be inviting. He expressed his love for her by making a garland for her head and a girdle of sweet-scented flowers. She gave him a loving glance, so he made her sit on his horse.
The beautiful lady reciprocated the knightsโ love and sang a fairy song while riding on the horse with him. She brought sweet-tasting roots, honey, and enchanted food and in an unfamiliar language said, โI love thee true!โ She took the knight to her fairy cave and sang a lullaby to make the knight go to sleep.
The knight dreamed that there would be trouble in his life. He saw pale kings and warriors who had died for the love of this beautiful lady without mercy. They told him that she had enslaved the knight as she had enslaved them. Their pitiable condition in the evening twilight woke him up from his dream. After giving this simple explanation the knight says:
โAnd that is why I sojourn here
Alone and palely loitering,
Though the sedge is witherโd from the lake,
And no birds sing?
The knight-at-arms represents that chivalrous and romantic hero who has aspirations of each one of us. It is not only the soul of the poet โin thrallโ in love but the soul of every lover and idealist. The knight expresses the infinite agony of frustrated love which is doomed to
โloiter padely and alone.โ
The ballad is medieval in subject matter and the medieval element is highlighted by Keatsโ power of recapturing the mystical as exemplified in this poem and his other poems Lamia and The Eve of St. Agnes. Herford has rightly commented that Keatsโ La Belle Dame Sans Merci is โa masterpiece of horror-stricken reticence and magical suggestionโ. The poet intentionally left the story slightly mysterious, that the reader may be left asking questions.
It is a ballad of forty lines arranged in twelve stanzas of four lines each. The diction is very simple, selective and dignified, old spellings of the words such as โtheeโ โhathโ โthyโ donโt pose any difficulty in understanding. It may be concluded that the composition of this ballad is full of artistic skills and the epithets and images convey the poetsโ ideas successfully.
Detailed Explanation
In this ballad (โLa Belleโ) with an inimitable magic Keats has depicted a cheated soul. โFlight into visionary experience and back again is expressed by means of well-known motif (which he later used in Lamia) of a mortalโs ruinous love for a supernatural lady.โ
What is its story? โLa Belleโ is a dramatic verse narrative in which the speaker comes across a woebegone knight-at-arms in a desolate winter setting. He asks the knight why he is loitering aimlessly, all alone, in this cold landscape, why he looks so sick, pale and lifeless. The knight narrates his eerie experience. He tells that he met a beauty (โa fairyโs childโ) in the โmeadโ and fell passionately in love with her. He rode with her to her โelfin grotโ where the beautiful lady lulled him to sleep. There he had many horrifying dreams. In his latest dream be saw โdeath-pale kings and princesโ, and โpale warriorsโ who warned him that โLa Belle Dame Sans Merciโ had enthralled him. When he woke up he found himself on this dreary landscape. He is now wasting away โOn the cold hill side.โ
( a ) La Belle as a poem of love
Keatsโs Isabella, the Eve of St Agnes, โLa Belle Dame Sans Merciโ and sonnet on Paolo and Francesca tell love stories and all are โmodernโ recreations of a medieval source or setting and none of them offers a self-evident โmeaningโ. All these poems deal with couples possessed by love. They have โstrong erotic elementsโ, and in Isabella and โLa Belleโ โsexual love leads to deathโ. There are two types of womenโeither they respond passively to the events beyond their control, or they are dominant and demonic like La Belle. All these women (of the four poems) โare expressions of prevalent attitudes to womenโs sexualityโ (John BarnardโJohn Keats). La Belleโs erotic gestures destroy men; Isabelleโs violent love leads to her death, Paolo and Francesca are condemned to hell for their carnal love while passive Medeline is united with her lover.
The Eve of St Agnes is โa celebratory dream of loveโโit is not merely a poem describing the truth about human love but is also โa metaphor for the prefigurative power of the imagination.โ โLa Belleโ presents a contrasting (contrasted from what is presented in The Eve of St Agnes) picture of love. The knightโs experiences take away his liberty, he finds himself in โthrallโ, which separates him from โthe natural and human cycles of generationโ. To the knight, she is a seductress and destroyer, โTaut, eerie, and impersonal the ballad makes no judgments. Although โLa Belle Dame Sam Merciโ belongs to the Romantic cult of the ballad, evident in Burger, Scott, Wordsworth, and Coleridge, Keatsโs intuitive assimilation of his sources, results in a very different kind of poem,โ (John Barnard).
Keatsโs La Belle is more akin to the fairy goddess (in Celtic tradition) than to the femmes fatales of the Middle Ages. In the Celtic tradition, the goddess is โparadoxically both an evil figure and a protector and nurturer of heroesโฆ La Dame der Lac, the benevolent fay, is, in reality, Morgan La Fee, the malevolent enchantress, in another guise, the two are part of a larger duality. Starting within a tradition of literary imitation, Keatsโs truth to the inner forum of his story allows โLa Belle Dame Sans Merciโ to recreate its archetype.โ (John Barnard).
โKeats makes no judgment on the lady or the knight. Nowhere do we get a clear hint that the lady is wilfully cruel to the knight or the knight is unable to sustain the vision and so he finds himself on the cold hillside.โ Some critics consider the lady to be a Circe figure who deliberately leads men to destruction through love.
The fairy world described in the poem is both attractive and ominous. It is a question poem in the sense that we cannot comprehend the meaning of the knightโs experience nor can we accept his version as authentic. The knightโs questioner as well as the reader โis located firmly in the natural world of harvest and fulfillment and is as firmly excluded from the knightโs experience as he is from ours.โ (J. Barnard).
The knightโs fairy lover (โthe fairyโs child,โ โwildโ and โfull beautifulโ) looks at him โas she did loveโ, and โin a language strange she saidโโI love thee trueโ โฆIs the knight trying to convince himself that she genuinely loved him? Or is he in a state of confusion? But the following stanzas reveal that the outcome of her love is destructive. Once he enters her `grotโ, she โweptโ and โsighedโ full sore, She lulled him to sleep and there he dreamedโhad nightmarish dreams of death and destruction caused by the beautiful woman.
Keats has woven a glimmering web of mystery around the love story. We canโt be certain whether the lady loved the knight genuinely or whether the dream was true. Canโt tell whether he has himself chosen to wander aimlessly in the desolated deserted landscape or he has been punished for loving the lady without mercy. (โwhether his dream experience ties him there against his wishโ). โUnlike his questioner, who lives in real-time, with a past and future. the knight inhabits a wasteland more psychic than physical and exists in a timeless present progressing towards deathโฆโ (J.Barnard).
( b ) As a poem of โdream within dreamsโ
In โLa Belle Dame Sans Merciโ Keats has skilfully conjured โdiverse elements into a unified impression of spell-bounding mysteryโ. It is a poem of โdream within dreamsโ. It has three โconcentric dream circlesโ. The outer frame (Dream I) shows โa weird encounterโ between the poemโs first speaker and the woe-begone, haggard knight-at-arms, on whose cheek the rose is fading and whose forehead is lily-like pale and white, with drops of perspiration. The knightโs ride through the meadow with the fairyโs child and the โKisses fourโ in the โelfin grotโ fo7n the inner frame (Dream 2)
In the โgrotโ the knight is fed on supernatural delicacies (โmanna dewโ and โwild, honeyโ) and is lulled to sleep. In his sleep, he has frightening dreams and in his โlatestโ dream he saw pale kings, โpale princes and pale warriors with parched lips and awesome expressions, who gaped at him to warn him about his enthrallment. This appalling dream-forms the third frame. (Dream 3).
โThe aura of a transcendental experience which pervades the meeting with the fairy lady (dream 2) is undermined by the knightโs dream of the death pale kings and warriors (dream 3) with its suggestion of mortality and betrayal. This dream [within the Knightโs dream of the starved lips and horrid warningโ (dream 3)] comes true when the Knight awakens on the cold hill side pale and enthralled as the dream prophesiedโ (John Keats):
Keats has exploited dream-sequence in many poems. The dream-sequence of โLa Belleโ differs from that of Endymion. The realization of the dream of pallor and starvation (โLa Belleโ) โmoves in the opposite direction from Endymionโs and Madelineโs dreamsโ. In (Endymion) the dreams of Endymion and Madeline, we observe that the fulfillment signifies โa shift from the actual to some ecstatic transcendental dreamโ. What do we observe in โLa Belleโ? Within the dream of the La
Belle the movement from the first speakerโs questioning to the knightโs reply, the transition is from the bleak dreary landscape to the beautiful supernatural worldโ(the world of fantasy) and within this fairy world the real, horrifying deadly dream occurs. And from this โdeathโ world we move back to the world of the withering sedge. (The movement is from Dream l to Dream 2, to Dream 3 and then back to Dream One). The transition is from the harsh real world to the imaginary world of beauty and love to the world of mutability to the harsh real world. If there is something which thrills and pleases the Knight and makes the poem a fantasy is the second dream, the entry into or journey through and sojourn in the โelfin world itself is a pure dreamโ (Dream 2) in the ballad.
The second dream, described in six stanzas, is central to the poem. In the beginning, the Knight meets with a fairyโs child in a meadow. The Knight was so much enamoured of her beauty and โwild, wild eyesโ that he made โa garland for her head and bracelets tooโ, and garlands, also for
her โfragrant zoneโ. He forced her to sit on โhis pacing steedโ (indicative of the intensity of his passion) and did not see anything else โall day longโ. It is apparent that at the outset the Knight is the dominant figure, who plays upon the feelings of the lady. Then there occurs a subtle transfer of the initiative (Stanzas 4 to 7) from the Knightโs / to the ladyโs she (Stanzas 7 to 9.) It is noteworthy that the ladyโs โerotic feelingsโ are expressed in ambiguous termsโโas she did love me,โ Is the Knight not certain about her feelings or is he attempting to convince himself that she loved him? Do the stanzas seven to nine depict the lady as a seductress?
โFor side longwould, she bend and sing.
A faeryโs songโ
โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ
โShe found me roots of relish sweet
And honey wild and manna dew.โ
โโฆ.in a strange language, she said, โI love thee trueโ. She appears as a caressing mother when she
lulls him โasleepโ.
The ladyโs side-long bending, unusual food, strange language and sore sighing help to create a supernatural atmosphere, a dream-like vague atmosphere. When the Knight says that in his latest dream he saw death pale kings, warriors and princes and when he woke up, he found himself on the cold hillside, instead of the `groe, we doubt whether he really met a fairy child, the beautiful lady, and entered her `groe; or whether it was a โvisionโ or โa dreamโโhe had never left โthe cold hill sideโ; when he entered this imaginary world, the birds were still singing and the harvest was not yet done. When he is โbackโ to the actual world after the horrifying dream, the weather has changed and winter has arrived. Winter is used both figuratively and literally.
In the traditional ballad style, Keats has used question and answer form in โLa Belleโ. In a traditional ballad, the mystery is resolved in the last stanza. Since โLa Belleโ is a complex poem, the mystery remains unresolved until the end. The Knightโs explanation โAnd that is whyโฆโ does not satisfy the reader and the speakerโs curiosity. It raises more questions than it answers. Both the reader and the speaker know that the Knight is unable to go โhomeโ in this clement weather because he is in โthrallโ. But it is not evident whether the Knight knows exactly how, why and what things have happened to him? The dream in the grot holds the key to the riddle and enables the questioner to comprehend what the Knight has experienced.
โIn โSt. Agnesโ Keats skillfully manipulates his reader and carries him from the world of fantasy and romance to the world of realityโ. But there is no manipulation in the ballad. The poem begins with the description of the stark cold desolate winter setting where the speaker meets with the woe-begone Knight. Then the questioner is guided by the Knight to the fairy world, where the latter is supposed to have a blissful exotic (erotic) experience. From the fairy world of โpassionโ, pleasure and โentertainmentโ the speaker enters the nightmarish โdreamโ of the Knight, moves into the world of sickness, and deathโit is a transition from the wonderful fantastic world of โsexualโ happiness to โthe Hadesโ. The speaker is made to participate both in the blissful and the dreadful experiences of the Knight. The Knight had an encounter with โdeathโ in his dream, and when he wakes out of the frightening dream he finds himself on a lonely landscape.
In the last six lines of the poem the speaker once again returns to the realistic level and finds himself within the dream world of the outer frame. The concentric dream circles make the poem enchanting and mysterious. Here we have the presentation of something โfelt on the pulses, of a beauty seized as a truth by the imagination, and expressed in a language of sensation, inaccessible to the consecutive reasoning.โ
(c) The use of Negative Capability
The concept of negative capability has been given a new dimension in โLa Belleโ. The whole story of the Knight, his experiences and dream are presented in a masterful way. The poem can be interpreted in various ways. First, so much of ambiguity surrounds the Knight and the lady that it is not possible to say what they symbolize. Critics interpret the lady, the Knight, the journey of the Knight, and his dream in many ways. In fact โLa Belle Dame Sans Merciโ is the most evasive and mysterious of Keatsโs poem.
It raises a variety of questions. Is the fairyโs child a Cynthia who failed to โmake Menโs being mortal immortalโ (Endymioh I Lines 843-44), a vampire, a Circe โa fairy mistress from hellโ or โneutral to good or evilโ? Does she stand for poetic imagination? Is the Knightโs lapse from the vision is due to her refusal to keep the deception (the world of beauty and fantasy) or due to his inability to sustain โthe transcendental experienceโ? Or Is his failure, the result of โhis awareness of his mortalityโ (Wasserman) or โhis fear of facing deathโ. (Richard Benevento).
The Lady could be any of the four intensities mentioned in Keatsโs โWhy Did I Laugh Tonightโ. She could be verse, fame, โbeauty and death. She may even represent โthe fatality of beautyโ or โa fair maid and love her nameโ (โOde on Idlenessโ).
Keats in the three poemsโIsabella, โSt Agnesโ and โLa Belle Dame Sans Merciโ has depicted the perils of love. According to Murry behind the poem โlies the anguish of impossible loveโ of Fanny Brawne. To
some critics, the Knightโs journey symbolizes the tragedy of Faustian rejection of human limitation. The poem reminds us of Edymionโs lines 646-48 IV.
There never livโd a mortal man, who bent
His appetite beyond the natural sphere,
But starvโd and died.
The Knight is prey of his supernatural adventure, consequently, he is unable to find his bearings in the natural world of birds, harvest and decay. Perhaps when he was journeying through the fairy land, the birds sang, the squirrel filled their granary, but, now when he is back to the natural world, the harvest is done, no birds sing, and the granary is full. He is left alone on a โwaste landโ unprovided for.
Observe the pattern of the last two stanzas. The โtruncated stanzaic closeโ echoes โthe finality of tik loss.โ โIn his vain attempt to be a part of the supernatural world, the Knight has alienated himself from the natural world and thus he loses both the worlds, he is a double loser. We can interpret his predicament in a different way. The fairyland is merely a figment of his imagination or fancy or is a daydream. As Keats says in his โOde to a Nightingaleโ fancy is a deceiving elf, here imagination can not cheat him forever. The visionary world of passionate love and beauty disappears. The impact of the fanciful experience and the nightmarish dream is extremely powerful, so he is unable to reconcile to the reality. He has been cheated of both the wonders of the elfin world and of nature. His is now โa kind of life-in-death experience.โ In Endymion and St Agnes, the `romantic journey is a worthwhile risk, it proves disastrous in โLa Belleโโ.
A critical appreciation of the poem
According to Brian Stone (The Poetry of Keats) โwith its haunting medieval resonances, the poem (-La Belleโ) is the last of those for which Keats drew on the literature and folk love of the
Middle Ages. Like Blakeโs โThe Sick Roseโ the poem raises by powerful images the ideas of love, corruption, and deathโฆThe verification and the process of narration by dialogue show Keats to be deeply imbued with the spirit and techniques of the medieval balladโ.
The story moves in a circular manner. The speaker meets a Knight in a winter landscape from which the birds have departed, the sedge has withered and where no birds sing. The squirrelโs granary is full and the harvest is done. All these details point to the seasonโit is the end of autumn and winter has arrived. Winter is a season of โlifelessnessโ or inactivity.โ The Knightโs physical appearance synchronizes with the winters desolation.โ The speaker is eager to know why the woe-begone pale-looking Knight-at-arms is loitering aimlessly in this bleak landscape. From this desolate setting, the speaker is transported to a โdreamโ world of sexual blissโto the supernatural world. The Knight describes his blissful experience in detail. The lady whom he meets in the mead is a fairyโs child with wild, wild eves. He is enamoured of her, offers her gifts, rides with her on his โpacing steedโ she sings fairy songs in strange language and seems to convince him about her genuine love. The lady is presented as eerie being. He rides to her elfin grot, is fed on heavenly delicacies. On โsuch choice natural productsโ as โhoney wild and manna dewโ. โIt is apparent then the plenty is a part of the enchantmentโ, it โlures him to acts of love and to the ensuing sleep in her armsโ. โWith a sudden chill of nightmare,โ he sees pale kings, princes and pale warriorsโโdeath pale were they allโ. With starved lips and parched tongues, they gazed at him as if they warned him that he was โin thrallโ of La Belle Dame Sans Merci.
The horrifying description of the kings, princes, and warriors is significant in the poem. The Knight after the erotic bliss finds himself in the realm of death. โThe starved lipsโ has a Shakespearean connotation implying starved to death. Incidentally, the speaker had already observed the signs of sickness and decay in the Knightโs appearance. Perhaps he can now, after listening to the Knightโs tale, easily surmise that the Knight himself is responsible for his own plight because he โwas active and willing in his own seductionโ.
The five fold repetition of pale links the ballad with โAs Hermes Onceโ in considering the act of love in connection with death. The Knightโs nightmare can be interpreted in an other way. โIt is as if the Knight was taken beyond life, saw in the hereafter others, who like himself had been seduced by the enchantress and was returned to this world weakened and corrupted, past cure, by his experience.โ (Brian Stone).
The poet has used assonances and alliterations. The poemโs movement is slow and deliberate since Keats intends the reader to โexperienceโ and share the experiences of the Knight and the speaker.
The bleak wintry setting suits the temperament and appearance of the Knight, whose existence is meaningless, he is completely cut off from natural and supernatural world, he is โunprovidedโ for and is under the spell of the beautiful lady without mercy. The Knight who is supposed to be an adventurer, a protector of law and of people has lost all his powers. He is still the Knight-at-arms, but with a difference, he is aimlessly wandering, he is in โthrallโ, a captive.
Some of the images (in the poem) including those of rose and lily are taken from Burtonโs Anatomy of Melancholy (Refer to the Section on LoveโMelancholy). The poem โhaunts the mind of the reader with the music of its particular tragic themes.โ โThe Knight-at-arms of โLa Belle Dame Sans Merciโ inhabits his own memorable limbo: possessing neither the joys of the girl nor the finality of death, existing neither in the dream nor in the active life, he is โalone and palely loiteringโ a haggard figure in a desolate landscape.
Assessment Questions
1. Is the title of the Poem a good one? Why?
A. Yes, the title is a good one. It is appropriate because the knight-at-arms is enchanted by the beautiful lady and expresses his love for her but she instead of returning his love enslaves him and has no mercy for him.2. Who is alone and palely loitering?
A. The Knight-at-arms is along and lingering with a pale face on the cold hillside.3. What ails the knight?
A. The knight looks pale, sad and worried because the beautiful lady without pity has enslaved him and his fate will be like that of other pale kings and warriors.4. Why did the lady charm the knight?
A. The enchantingly beautiful lady charmed the knight because she wanted to enslave him though she had no mercy for him.5. What happened to the knight in the end?
A. The knight saw the pitiable condition of pale kings and warriors in the dream with their starved lips in the evening twilight. They cried that the beautiful lady โHath thee in thrall!โ He woke up as they warned him about his tragic fate. That is why the Knight is staying on the cold hill side alone looking pale and sad. Keats intentionally leaves the story at slightly mysterious note so that we may be left asking questions.6. What is the theme of the poem?
A. The theme of the poem is unrequited love, and the pain and suffering of one who loves but is not loved in return. It is said that in writing this poem Keats was expressing his own feelings. He too loved but was not loved by Fanny Brawne.7. What point of view is the poem written in? Who is its speaker(s)?
A. The poem is written in the first-person point of view. The poem is written as a dialogue between a knight and another man.
8. In the second stanza, what does the speaker say are reasons for the knight-at-arms to not โailโ?
A. The speaker says the โsquirrelโs granary is full,โ meaning it has been a slow fall, allowing much time for preparation. This concept is repeated in the second reason he gives, which is โthe harvestโs done.โ
9. Why does the lady weep and sigh in the poemโs eighth stanza?
A. Answers may vary. Example: The lady weeps because she knows that while she loves the knight, they cannot be together since they are too different.
10. How does the French title translate into English?
A. The title translates into โThe Beautiful Woman with No Mercy.โ
11. What does the speakerโs dream suggest about the woman whom he has fallen in love with?
A. The pale people of the speakerโs dreams warn him that he has fallen for a woman without pity, suggesting that she has left him for good, without consideration of his feelings.
12. Why do you believe the knight-at-arms is so sad?
A. Answers may vary. Example: One reason might be that when he awoke from his dream, the beautiful woman he had found and kissed was gone. Another reason might be his realization that the woman he had seen did not truly love him.
13. Explain the significance in the speakerโs choice of words in the final stanza, especially โsojournโ and โpalely.โ
A. The choice of โsojournโ suggests that the speaker is waiting for something, most likely his love. The choice of โpalelyโ parallels the description he has given of the kings and princes in his dreams. This may infer that he has also fallen for la belle dame sans merci.
Word Meanings
Belle โ a beautiful woman
Dame โ woman
Sans โ without
Merci โ mercy
Line 1 Ail โ cause problem and make sickThee โ YouKnight โin-arms โ a man who saves a woman from a dangerous situation.
Line 2 Palely loitering โ lingering with a pale face
Line 3 Sedge โ a plant-like grass that grows in wet ground or near water. Withered โ dried up
Line 6 Haggard โ looking very tired because of illness Woebegone โ looking very sad
Line 7 The squirrelโs granary is full โ The squirrel has gathered his food for the winter.
Line 8 Harvest is done โ the cutting and gathering of crops on a farm is done.
Line 9 Lily โ a large white or brightly coloured flower
Line 10 Anguish โ pain and unhappiness
Line 11 Thy cheek a fading rose โ your cheeks have become paler as if all colour has faded from them.
Line 12 Fast โ moving or happening quickly Withereth โ Witness
Line 13 Meads โ Meadows
Line 14 Full โ Very
Line 18 Fragrant Zone โ a girdle of sweet-scented flowers.
Line 20 Moan โ make a long deep sound
Line 21 Packing โ walking up and down Steed โ (literary) horse to ride on
Line 25 Relish sweet โ Sweet taste
Line 26 manna dew โ enchanted food
Line 29 elfin grot โ fairy cave
Line 30 Sighโd โ took a long deep breath expressing sadness
Sore โ painfullyLine 33 lulled โ Soothed my nerved by singing
Line 34 Woe betide โ there will be trouble forโฆโฆโฆ
Line 37 I saw pale kingsโฆ These men with pale faces had died for love of the Beautiful Lady without pity.
Line 38 death โ pale โ as pale as death.
Line 40 Hath โ hasin thrall โ enslaved
Line 41 Starvโd lips โ Lips showed that they were feeling very hungry. gloam โ evening twilight
Line 42 horrid โ terrible, horrible gaped wide โ staring with open mouth in surprise
Line 45 Sajourn โ Stay here for a time
Review Questions
1. Write a critical appreciation of Keats โOde on Melancholy.โ
2. Bring out the narrative acumen of Keats by citing examples from the prescribed poems
This is well written article on topicโฆ. Simply superbโฆ. You may also read La Belle Dame Sans Merci as Medieval Romantic Poem