Permafrost: an area of land which is permanently frozen non-existent: describes something that does not exist or is not present in a particular place

Accumulate: time to collect a large number of things over a long period of

Devastating: destroying a place or thing completely or causing great damage

The Black Death: a form of bubonic plague pandemic in Europe and Asia during the 14th century which killed 50 million people

Subtropical: belonging to or relating to parts of the world that are immediately south or north of the tropics

Floodplain: an area of flat land near a river that is often flooded when the river becomes too full

Wetlands: large areas of land covered with swamp or marsh

Perennial: lasting or happening through the year

Complacent: extremely self-satisfied

Plethora: a very large amount of something

Simulation: a representation of a problem, situation, etc in mathematical terms, especially using a computer

Unprecedented: never having happened or existed before

Staggering: very shocking and surprising

Demarcation: a border or a rule that shows how things are divided

Stakeholders: a group of people who own a share in something

Consensus: a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people

Robust: (of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail

Sustainable: able to continue over a period of time

Degradation: the process of wearing down

Receding Kolhai glacier: decreasing; becoming more distant

Icicles: long pointed sticks of ice that are formed when drops of water freeze

Adversely: having a negative or harmful effect on something

Abnoxious: very unpleasant or rude

Biota: the plant and animal life in a region

Katij: a migratory bird found in spring

Index (adj): indicative; classified

Tenable: (of an opinion or position) able to be defended

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Questions and Answers

Q. 1. Working with the Text

1. Why has the Earth’s average surface temperature increased?

Ans. The Earth’s average surface temperature has increased because of global warming due to increased human activities like cutting down of trees and burning of fossil fuels.

2. Why is the Himalayan region called the ‘Water Tower of Asia’?

Ans. The Himalayan region is called The watery tower of Asia because of the presence of huge glaciers which provide around 8.6 million cubic meters of water annually to the subcontinent countries.

3. What are the main sources of water in the Kashmir Valley?

Ans. The main sources of water in the Kashmir valley are its lakes, river, wetlands, snow-fed streams, springs and reservoirs.

4. Why is water the most precious natural resource?

Ans. Water is the most precious natural resource as it has many uses which are very important for the sustenance of life on the earth. It is one of the basic components of life.

5. How has Kashmir been influenced by global warming?

Ans. Global warming had lead to melting of many glaciers in Kashmir and reduction in snowfall. This had resulted in water scarcity. Global warming has also resulted in the frequency of flooding.

6. How is global warming the largest threat to humanity?

Ans. Global warming will lead to increase in temperatures and this in turn will lead to melting of the entire ice o the earth. This will lead to flooding of the earth, heat waves, droughts, changes in agricultural yields which will have a direct impact on the sustenance of life on the earth.

7. What do you think is the cause of decrease in snowfall in Kashmir?

Ans. I think the cause of decrease in snowfall in Kashmir is the indiscriminate felling of trees.

8. What has been the impact of global warming on J&K so far?

Ans. Global warming has had a great impact on the climate of Kashmir. Glaciers are receding at an alarming rate. Global warming has also led to occurrence of high velocity storms in the valley which have caused devastation to crops and fruits. Global warming has led to climatic variability in the valley which has led to erratic snowfall, hotter summers, and change of both precipitation and temperature. This has certainly affected livelihoods.

9. What role do the scientists play in J&K to deal with the problem of global warming?

Ans. The scientists have conducted studies on the glaciers of J&K and recommended measures to bring down the glaciers recession rate.

10. What do us as individuals need to do to deal with the problem of global warming?

Ans. We as individuals can do our bit by judiciously using our energy resources, minimizing the levels of pollution and growing more and more trees to help to deal with the problem of global warming.

Language Work

Fill the blanks in the following sentences with appropriate compound word/s or phrases from the box below:

1. a) We live in a beautiful green house.

b) My uncle has built a green house next to his house, where he grows vegetables in winter.

1. a) Most PhD’s only prefer white collar jobs.

b) He was wearing a pink shirt with a white collar.

1. a) We live in the white house near the mosques.

b) The president of America lives in the white house.

1. a) My wife keeps her jewellery in a black box.

b) The black box has been found. It will now be possible to find out why the plane crashed.

1. a) He has a strong hold on his wife.

b) The southern part of the state is a strong hold of the robbers.

II Use the following phrases or expressions from the lesson in your own sentences: in progress, uncontrollable rate, across the globe, in the backdrop, at an alarming rate, an irritating change, bereft of, dried up, at the global level, heavy burden

In progress: The assembly was in progress when I reached the school Uncontrollable rate: Crime is spreading at an uncontrollable rate.

Across the globe: Pollution has left an impact across the globe.

Bereft of: The youth of today are bereft of moral values.

Dried up:The springs of Anantnag have dried up.

At the global level: People at the global level are facing a huge energy crisis.

In the back drop: in the backdrop of many scams, Indian leaders are losing their credibility

An alarmingly faster rate: The glaciers of Kashmir are melting at an alarmingly faster rate.

Heavy burden: The recent LPG price hike is a heavy burden on the common man.

III Other effects of global warming include heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, species extinction, etc.

In the above sentence, the word nearest in meaning to ‘extinction’ is ‘destruction’. Words having the same or nearly the same meaning are called synonyms. In each of the following sentences, a word has been italicized. Choose the synonym of the word from the four options given.

1. Sporadic rise in his temperature has caused us much worry.

a) frequent b) irksome c) irregular d) scattered

Ans. (c)

1. Reading of poetry is not congenial to his taste.

a) suited b) beneficial c) helpful d) preferable

Ans. (a)

1. The weavers have to do monotonous work.

a) repetitive b) exhausting c) irksome d) autonomous

Ans. (a)

1. The fishing boat pulled away from the wharf and chugged smoothly down the bay.

a) harbor b) shore c) quay d) anger

Ans. (c)

Grammar Work

The Gerund

In the following sentences, use either infinitive or gerund in order to make them correct:

1. ______________ is good for health. (to laugh/ laughing)

2. Our turn__________ over, we left the library. (be/ being)

3. The old woman tried __________ to the hospital alone. (to go/ going)

4. ________ late for school is his habit. (to be/ being)

5. Hina, ___________ completed her work, left home. (to have/ having)

6. ___________ music is her hobby. (to listen/ listening)

7. I like ____________ Arabic literature. (to read/ reading)

8. His only aim was __________. (to cheat/ cheating)

9. ____________ is not allowed here. (to fish/ fishing)

10. Children love _____________ mud houses. (to make/ making)

Let’s Write

1. Is there any water body in your neighbourhood? Write a paragraph on it.

DAL LAKE

Dal Lake lies in the Srinagar city. It is called the ‘Jewel in the crown of Kashmir’ the shore line of the lake is about 18 kms. Dal Lake is fed by Dachigam Telbal Nallah and many other streams. It receives an average annual rainfall of 655 mm in the catchment during the summer. There are two outlets from the lake namely, the Dalgate and Amir Khan Nallah that connect the Lakes of Nagin and Anchar. The Lake is natoed for lotus flowers. Floating gardens, called the ‘Red’ in the Kashmiri language are a special feather of the lake. Dal Lake is special feature of the lake. Dal Lake is also famous for fishing. Studies of the water quality of the lake indicate a decline in quality. All the discharge of the Srinagar city’s congested areas flows unchecked into the lake bringing it to the point of extinction.